# Marketing Strategy vs Tactics: What the Difference Means for a Small Business

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Page type: article

## Summary

A marketing strategy chooses which customers to serve, what to win them on, and what to decline. Tactics are the website pages, ads and messages that carry that choice out. The distinction comes from military theory, and two documented company failures show what blurring it costs. The Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz defined strategy and tactics in On War, published in 1832. Small businesses still blur the two whenever a tool gets called a plan. Strategy is a choice, including what you will not do, and tactics are how that choice gets carried out. If your website, ads and emails would look the same under any strategy, you have tactics without one.

## Article details
The Prussian general Carl von Clausewitz defined strategy and tactics in On War, published in 1832. Small businesses still blur the two whenever a tool gets called a plan.

## Main point
Strategy is a choice, including what you will not do, and tactics are how that choice gets carried out. If your website, ads and emails would look the same under any strategy, you have tactics without one.

Author: Anna Kyriazakou

Section: Strategy

Post type: Framework Post

Story format: standard

## Article content
In 2011, the strategy scholar Richard Rumelt wrote in McKinsey Quarterly about a conversation on strategy with the mayor of a small city in the Pacific Northwest. The mayor's planning committee had produced a strategic plan with 47 strategies and 178 action items. Action item number 122 was "create a strategic plan."

Rumelt's point was that a long list of things to do, however carefully numbered, is not a strategy. Small businesses make the same mistake with smaller numbers. They call an Instagram account, a monthly newsletter or a year of Google Ads a strategy, when each is a tool.

A marketing strategy is a choice about which customers you will serve, what you will win them on, and what you will decline to do. Marketing tactics are the specific actions that carry that choice out: a service page, an ad campaign, a text message sent two hours before an appointment.

The tools make the confusion easy. Ad platforms, email tools and website builders are designed to get a campaign running in an afternoon, and a setup screen that asks for a goal and a budget is easy to mistake for a plan.

Suppose a heating and cooling company, invented here for illustration, sets out to win emergency repair calls within a 20 mile radius by reaching every caller within an hour, and stops bidding on large new construction jobs. That is its strategy. The tactics follow from it: a Google Search campaign limited to emergency repair searches inside the radius, a website whose first screen shows the phone number and the one hour promise, an automated text that tells the customer when the technician is on the way. Change the strategy to "become the area's specialist in high efficiency heat pumps" and nearly every one of those tactics changes, even though the company still uses a website, Paid Ads and Email & SMS.

## A distinction borrowed from generals

The vocabulary is military. Strategy descends from the Greek strategia, the office of a general, built on strategos, the commander of an army. Tactic comes from a Greek word meaning fit for ordering, from a verb meaning to arrange.

A widely cited definition comes from Carl von Clausewitz. In On War, published in 1832, the year after the Prussian general died, he wrote that tactics is "the theory of the use of military forces in combat" and strategy is "the theory of the use of combats for the object of the War," in J. J. Graham's English translation. Tactics win the engagement. Strategy decides which engagements are worth fighting and why. Clausewitz added that the division was already "in almost general use," and that people sorted facts into one category or the other "without knowing very distinctly the grounds" for doing so. I would say the same of many marketing meetings.

Marketing writers often reach further back, to Sun Tzu. In a 2016 column, the Marketing Week columnist Mark Ritson quoted him as saying, "Tactics without strategy is the noise before defeat." The line circulates widely, but it does not appear in Lionel Giles's 1910 English translation of The Art of War. What Giles did translate is subtler. "All men can see the tactics whereby I conquer," the sixth chapter reads, "but what none can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved."

Rivals can copy what they see. In Giles's Sun Tzu, what they see is the tactics, and the strategy that makes them work stays out of view.

## What the strategy scholars added

Business writers took the military pair and sharpened it. In "What Is Strategy?", published in Harvard Business Review in 1996, Michael Porter separated two things managers routinely merge. Operational effectiveness, he wrote, means "performing similar activities better than rivals perform them." Strategy means performing different activities, or similar activities in different ways. Operational effectiveness matters, Porter argued, but competitors can quickly imitate management techniques and new technologies, so few companies win on it for long.

Porter put the point in one sentence: "The essence of strategy is choosing what not to do." He also warned that a strategy described only in terms of customers, with no different activities behind it, "is nothing more than a marketing slogan that will not withstand competition."

Rumelt attacked a different failure in Good Strategy/Bad Strategy, published by Crown in 2011 and adapted in McKinsey Quarterly that June. He named four hallmarks of bad strategy: failure to face the challenge, mistaking goals for strategy, bad strategic objectives, and what he called fluff. Against them he set the kernel of good strategy: a diagnosis that explains the challenge, a guiding policy for dealing with it, and coherent actions that support one another. Tactics belong in that third part. They earn their place when they reinforce each other and serve the policy.

The line is not always tidy, and an influential complication predates both Porter's article and Rumelt's book. In a 1985 paper in the Strategic Management Journal, Henry Mintzberg and James Waters contrasted deliberate strategies, planned in advance, with emergent ones, which take shape from what a company learns as it acts. According to the paper's summary, the two sit at opposite ends of a continuum, and real strategies lie somewhere along it. My reading is that a tactic that works unexpectedly well can teach a business what its strategy should have been, which is a reason to watch tactics closely.

## What the record shows when the two blur

One of Porter's cautionary cases is Continental Lite. Southwest had built a distinct position on short haul, low cost, point to point service. Continental Airlines set out to match it on a number of point to point routes while remaining a full service airline everywhere else. It cut meals and first class, flew more often, lowered fares and shortened gate turnarounds. Those were Southwest's tactics. Continental kept the travel agents, mixed fleet, baggage checking and seat assignments its other routes required. According to Porter, late flights and cancellations generated a thousand complaints a day, the airline lost hundreds of millions of dollars, and the chief executive lost his job. Continental copied the visible actions without the choices that made them fit together.

Rumelt documents the opposite failure. In 1992 he sat in on a strategy discussion at Digital Equipment Corporation, where senior executives were split among three incompatible directions for the company. Asked to reach a consensus, the group settled on a statement about quality products and leadership in data processing. Rumelt wrote that it was "not a strategy" but a political compromise among people who could not agree on what to give up. In June 1992 Robert Palmer replaced Ken Olsen as chief executive and made chips the strategy; Rumelt judged the choice five years too late. Compaq bought the company in 1998.

Marketing has its own version. In the 2016 column, Ritson described discussing a marketing plan with a marketing manager at a company he advises. He found a "surfeit of digital tactics" for the year ahead, and confusion when he asked about targeting, positioning and objectives. Ritson is describing one plan. A 2025 survey points the same way. The Content Marketing Institute and MarketingProfs fielded a survey from June 24 to August 14, 2025, and the institute's report covers 1,015 of the business to business marketers who answered it. Of them, 97 percent said they had a content strategy, yet only 13 percent said it had significantly improved their results, and another 48 percent reported modest gains. The report names refining the strategy itself as the biggest driver of improvement, cited by 74 percent, ahead of the 51 percent who credited new technology.

The respondents rated their own work, most were in North America, and a software company sponsored the study, so the figures describe how marketers see themselves, not what causes results. Still, the gap between the 97 percent who say they have a strategy and the 13 percent who report a significant improvement is the pattern you would expect if many of those strategies were lists of tactics.

## Websites, Paid Ads and Email & SMS are tactics

For many small businesses, the digital budget goes to some mix of a website, paid advertising and messages to customers. Each is a tactic that can serve very different strategies, and none of the tools will tell you which one you have chosen, or whether [the pieces of a digital strategy line up](/articles/the-digital-strategy-pieces-most-businesses-miss) at all. Deciding [whether you need a new website, ads, email or all three](/articles/website-ads-or-email-first) is a real question, but it comes after the choice about whom you serve.

Google Ads makes the point by design. When an advertiser creates a campaign, Google invites the advertiser to choose an objective, and its help page says the objective "should align with the main thing you want to get from your campaign," naming sales, leads or website traffic as examples. It is a sensible prompt for a single campaign, and it assumes the larger choice has already been made.

Even the government's small business guidance shows how easily that choice slips. The Small Business Administration's page on writing a business plan tells owners plainly, "Your business won't be for everybody." Its page on marketing and sales then walks through the plan for John and Kelly's auto repair shop, which identifies the target market as "anyone with an automobile" before moving on to ads on the websites of two local TV news stations, a local newspaper's website and a local radio station. The example is a teaching sketch, not a case study. But it reproduces the habit exactly: the tactics are specific and budgeted, and the target market leaves out almost no one.

Go back to the heating and cooling company. Under the emergency repair strategy, Paid Ads money goes to the searches people type when a furnace has failed, limited to the area a crew can reach within the hour. The website leads with the phone number and the response promise. Text messages confirm appointments and say when the technician is on the way, and an email before each heating and cooling season offers a tune up and keeps the company's name close at hand before the next breakdown.

Under the heat pump strategy, the same budget behaves differently. Buyers research for weeks, so the website needs pages that explain efficiency, cost and installation in enough depth to earn trust. Paid Ads leans toward people comparing options rather than people in a crisis. Email becomes a sequence that follows a quote through a slow decision.

Try to run both strategies at once on one modest budget and the result looks like Continental Lite at small scale: a first screen trying to calm a panicked caller and educate a careful researcher at the same time, and an ad account split too thin to learn from either audience. The symptom to expect is [a website that gets traffic but no leads](/articles/website-traffic-but-no-leads), because visitors from each campaign arrive at a page written partly for someone else.

## Telling a strategy from a tactic

When someone tells me they need a social media strategy or an email strategy, I ask a different question first: what would we stop doing if this worked? A strategy has an answer, because it is a choice; a tactic added to the pile usually does not.

Rumelt's kernel supplies three more checks. The obstacle should fit in one sentence, the way his Nvidia diagnosis does: "We are losing the performance race." The guiding policy should have a name, including what it rules out. And the actions should reinforce one another, rather than each surviving unchanged if a different strategy sat above it. If the website, the ads and the emails would look the same under any strategy, the business has tactics without one. A platform chosen because it is popular fails this test quickly, which is the reason to [evaluate a marketing trend before you chase it](/articles/how-to-evaluate-marketing-trends).

Some businesses make the opposite mistake, polishing positioning statements for months without running the ad that would test them. Positioning is also only one part of the work, since [brand strategy and marketing strategy are not the same thing](/articles/brand-strategy-vs-marketing-strategy). The emergent side of Mintzberg's continuum applies here. Tactics are where a strategy meets customers, and what customers do with them is evidence about the strategy.

Before the next invoice for a website, an ad account or a texting platform, write the strategy as one sentence that contains the word not. The heating company's would read: emergency repairs within an hour's drive, and not new construction bids. If that sentence cannot be written, the spending is a list of things to do. The plan Rumelt discussed with the mayor had 178 of them.

Source: Richard Rumelt, "The perils of bad strategy," McKinsey Quarterly, June 2011 (adapted from Good Strategy/Bad Strategy, Crown, July 2011)

Rumelt's article is the source for the city plan with 178 action items, his four hallmarks of bad strategy, the kernel of good strategy and the Nvidia diagnosis. It is also the source for his account of the 1992 strategy meeting at Digital Equipment Corporation and the company's sale to Compaq in 1998. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/strategy-and-corporate-finance/our-insights/the-perils-of-bad-strategy

Source: Michael E. Porter, "What Is Strategy?" Harvard Business Review, November to December 1996

Porter's article supplies the distinction between operational effectiveness and strategy, the quoted lines on choosing what not to do and on marketing slogans, and the account of Continental Lite. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://hbr.org/1996/11/what-is-strategy

Source: Carl von Clausewitz, On War, translated by J. J. Graham (Project Gutenberg eBook 1946)

The quoted definitions of tactics and strategy, and the remark that the division was in almost general use, come from Book II, Chapter I of this translation. Its front matter dates the preface to 1832 and records Clausewitz's death in November 1831. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1946

Source: Sun Tzu, The Art of War, translated by Lionel Giles, 1910 (Project Gutenberg eBook 132)

The quoted line on tactics and strategy is verse 27 of Chapter VI in Giles's translation. A search of the full translation finds no version of the line about the noise before defeat. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/132

Source: Mark Ritson, "Tactics without strategy is dumbing down our discipline," Marketing Week, May 11, 2016

Ritson's column attributes the line about tactics without strategy being the noise before defeat to Sun Tzu and describes the marketing plan he discussed with a manager at a company he advises. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.marketingweek.com/mark-ritson-beware-the-tactification-of-marketing/

Source: Henry Mintzberg and James A. Waters, "Of strategies, deliberate and emergent," Strategic Management Journal 6(3), July 1985, pp. 257 to 272 (abstract via RePEc IDEAS)

The paper's abstract describes deliberate and emergent strategies as two ends of a continuum along which real strategies lie. The full paper is behind a paywall. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://ideas.repec.org/a/bla/stratm/v6y1985i3p257-272.html

Source: Robert Rose, "9 Takeaways and Insights From the 2026 B2B Content and Marketing Trends Report," Content Marketing Institute, October 8, 2025

This report on a survey by Content Marketing Institute and MarketingProfs is the source for the 97, 13, 48, 74 and 51 percent figures. It also gives the method: a survey fielded from June 24 to August 14, 2025, sponsored by Storyblok, with results reported for 1,015 business to business marketers, mostly in North America. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://contentmarketinginstitute.com/articles/b2b-content-marketing-trends-research/

Source: Google Ads Help: About campaign objectives in Google Ads

Google's help page says advertisers can select an objective when they create a campaign and contains the quoted sentence about aligning it with the campaign's main goal. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://support.google.com/google-ads/answer/7450050

Source: U.S. Small Business Administration: Write your business plan

The SBA's guide to business plans contains the quoted advice that a business won't be for everybody. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/plan-your-business/write-your-business-plan

Source: U.S. Small Business Administration: Marketing and sales

The SBA's marketing and sales page contains the John and Kelly auto repair shop example, its target market of anyone with an automobile, and its list of advertising outlets. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://www.sba.gov/business-guide/manage-your-business/marketing-sales

Source: Wiktionary entries for strategy and tactic

Wiktionary's entries trace strategy to the Greek strategia, the office of a general, and tactic to a Greek word meaning fit for ordering. Accessed October 20, 2026.

Reference: https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/strategy

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